地区主义转向下欧盟对东盟的政策调试

摘要

随着大国战略竞争加剧与“全球南方”整体性崛起，欧盟与东盟的互动逻辑正在发生结构性变化。一方面，欧盟在内外多重危机叠加下推动地区主义由“规范性力量”向“地缘政治欧洲”转向，亟需借助“全球南方”重塑战略影响并推进战略自主；另一方面，东盟的共同体意识与“东盟中心地位”规范持续强化，不再甘居“受援者”与“学习者”，而是以“社会化”策略要求外部大国按照“东盟方式”展开合作。这一双向变动使既有以欧盟为主导的合作模式遭遇“伙伴落差”，并在投资贸易与政治战略两个层面集中暴露。本文立足东盟自身的特殊性，结合近年来欧盟-东盟互动的最新实践，论证欧盟正经由对“东盟方式”的再适应来校准其对东盟政策：其一，强化机制化对话与公开共享，淡化“援助者”姿态；其二，尊重东盟的自主性与中立性，在印太与南海等敏感议题上寻求最大公约数；其三，以《数字经济框架协定》谈判、东盟电网等功能性议题嵌入东盟主导的制度进程，实现合作政策的再校准。研究认为，欧盟对“东盟方式”的再适应，本质上是规范实力相对下降背景下的策略性社会化，其深度与可持续性，将取决于欧盟能否由“规范输出”真正转向“平等共塑”。

Abstract

As major-power strategic competition intensifies and the "Global South" rises as a collective force, the logic underpinning EU–ASEAN interaction is undergoing structural change. On one hand, amid compounding internal and external crises, the EU is steering its regionalism away from "normative power" toward a "Geopolitical Europe," urgently seeking to leverage the Global South to rebuild its strategic influence and advance strategic autonomy. On the other hand, ASEAN's sense of community and its norm of "ASEAN centrality" continue to strengthen; no longer content to remain a "recipient" or "learner," ASEAN now employs a "socialization" strategy to require external powers to engage on the terms of the "ASEAN Way." This two-way shift has exposed a "partnership gap" in the existing EU-led cooperation model, surfacing most acutely in the domains of investment and trade and of political strategy. Grounded in ASEAN's own distinctiveness and drawing on the most recent practices of EU–ASEAN interaction, this paper argues that the EU is recalibrating its ASEAN policy through a re-adaptation to the "ASEAN Way": first, by reinforcing institutionalized dialogue and open, shared cooperation while playing down its posture as a "donor"; second, by respecting ASEAN's autonomy and neutrality and seeking the greatest common ground on sensitive issues such as the Indo-Pacific and the South China Sea; and third, by embedding itself in ASEAN-led institutional processes through functional agendas such as the Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA) negotiations and the ASEAN Power Grid. The study concludes that the EU's re-adaptation to the "ASEAN Way" is, in essence, a strategic socialization undertaken against the backdrop of its relatively declining normative power, and that its depth and sustainability will hinge on whether the EU can genuinely shift from "norm export" to "co-shaping among equals."

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